Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Lawyers

Interminable Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Lawyers Interminable Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Social Security Disability Oftentimes, Social Securityâ and even a few adjudicators neglect to comprehend the seriousness of interminable weakness condition (CFS), making it considerably progressively hard for people who experience the ill effects of the confusion to acquire benefits they urgently require and merit. Indeed, even some medicinal services suppliers are suspicious about the determination with the thought that CFS is a psychogenic disease or even a â€Å"figment of the patient’s imagination.†(1)  CFS can be hard to analyze and treat as there is no particular test or remedy for the condition, bringing about wrong analyses and even treatment. Be that as it may, CFS has been known to cause an extreme weakness and inability, blocking people from thinking about themselves and working even the least complex activity. As indicated by the Mayo Clinic, there are 8 authority signs and manifestations of CFS: weariness; loss of memory or fixation; unexplained muscle torment; torment that mov es starting with one joint then onto the next without growing or redness; cerebral pain of another sort, example or seriousness; sore throat; amplified lymph hubs in the neck or armpit; un-invigorating rest; and outrageous depletion enduring over 24 hours after physical or mental exercise (2).Scientists still don’t know the specific reasons for CFS, however a few variables influencing the confusion incorporate intrinsic inclination, viral diseases, insusceptible framework issues, and hormonal irregular characteristics. Also, other ailments like sadness, expanded work unlucky deficiencies, social separation and way of life limitations that occasionally go with the turmoil can, thusly, fuel these side effects. Treatment for CFS will in general spotlight on giving alleviation to the particular manifestations dependent upon the situation. For instance, antidepressants might be endorsed if the patient is encountering discouragement as one of their side effects, and additionally a prescription to help with rest if that is an issue. Be that as it may, treatment that joins mental guiding with a delicate exercise program has been seen as the best in giving generally symptomology alleviation (3).A new report from a specialist board of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) uncovers how serious and debilitating CFS can be (4). IOM brings up that CFS â€Å"is a genuine, ceaseless, complex, multi-framework illness that regularly can significantly restrict the wellbeing and exercises of influenced patients.† In their report, IOM proposes new indicative rules and another name for CFS: Systemic Exertional Intolerance Disease (5). They accept this new name will help settle the superfluous disparagement and trivialization that regularly go with the CFS diagnosis.If you have CFS, or experience these indications, call us today to converse with one of our accomplished lawyers about whether you may meet all requirements for inability benefits. We see how baffling and crippli ng these side effects and the shame can be, making the application and advance procedure significantly all the more overpowering. Ourâ attorneysâ strive to ace the ever-changing standards administering incapacity benefits with the goal that we can best promoter for our clients. Call usâ today at 888-678-5839 for a free consultation.Seeiom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2015/MECFS/MECFS_Powerpoint.pdf.Seemayoclinic.org/sicknesses conditions/constant weakness disorder/nuts and bolts/side effects/con-20022009.According to the Mayo Clinic. Seemayoclinic.org/maladies conditions/interminable weariness condition/fundamentals/treatment/con-20022009. Elective roads for help with discomfort may likewise incorporate needle therapy, back rub, yoga, or tai chi.‘Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness.’The full report with supplemental materials is accessible at:â iom.edu/Reports/2015/ME-CFS.aspx.The new analytic models proposed woul d require the patient to have the accompanying indications: 1. a considerable decrease or disability in the capacity to participate in pre-sickness levels of word related, instructive, social, or individual exercises, that continues for over a half year and is joined by exhaustion, which is regularly significant, is of new or positive beginning (not deep rooted), isn't the consequence of progressing extreme effort, and isn't generously reduced by rest; 2. post-exertional discomfort; and 3. un-invigorating rest. Further, a subjective disability and additionally orthostatic narrow mindedness would likewise be required by the new proposed models. The seriousness and recurrence of these indications ought to likewise be considered by the IOM.

Dont Drink and Drive :: Legal Issues, Social Issues, Informative

Theme: Don’t Drink and Drive Explicit Purpose: To convince my crowd that activity is expected to manage the issue brought about by motorists’ who drive drunk. Broadly useful: Solving the issues brought about by driving drunk will require activity by companions, family, and law authorization. Proposal Statement: Drinking and driving not just jeopardize your life, it imperils the lives of the honest casualties whose way you cross. Presentation: While staring at the TV one night, a unique news report went ahead. There was a horrendous mishap in Marshal County including an alcoholic driver. Six youngsters were slaughtered in the accident, a man driving a blue vehicle had hit head-on with a small scale van, conveying six kids and their grandma. All the youngsters were articulated dead at the scene, the grandma and the man driving the vehicle were the main survivors. Body: A.     Don’t drive drunk, period. 1.     The burial grounds are brimming with individuals who thought they were â€Å"Ok to drive† along with the honest casualties whose ways they crossed. 2.     Support law authorization. 3.     Don’t gripe that an official gave your child a MIP, DUI, or DWI†¦ express gratitude toward them. Advances: Now that we’ve perceived how driving under the influence are not kidding issues for motorists’ furthermore, their networks, let’s see a few causes. B.     â€Å"It causes the passings of more than 16,000 individuals in America consistently, a normal of 44 every day, one each 33 minutes.† End: â€Å"Drinking and driving and liquor misuse are killing thousands of youngsters every year. On the off chance that you basically harm or slaughter somebody in the wake of making

Pixar in a Box the math behind the movies

Pixar in a Box the math behind the movies Every day, learners around the world visit Khan Academy to brush up their skills and explore new subjects. Maybe you’ve studied math on Khan Academy, and maybe you’ve wondered how artists, scientists, and engineers use math to build amazing things.To help answer that question, Khan Academy, with support from Disney, teamed up with Pixar Animation Studios to create Pixar in a Box: a free online curriculum that shows how Pixar artists use the concepts we all study in school to create their amazing movies.Through video lessons, interactive exercises, and hands-on activities, you can learn how Pixar artists use math to solve design problems at each stage of the creative process. In particular, you’ll discover:- How large swarms of robots in “WALL•E” were designed using combinatorics-  How a field of grass was created in “Brave” using parabolic arcs-  How simple models are transformed into realistic characters using weighted averages-  How animators bring characters to lif e with the help of animation curves-  How sets are constructed using geometric transformations -  How all of Pixar’s images are painted using simultaneous equationsBut this is just the beginning. In the years ahead, we’ll explore many other subjects, including science, computer science, arts, and humanities.We’re excited to hear your feedback so we can make Pixar in a Box even better, so let us know what you think in the comments below. We hope you’ll have as much fun exploring Pixar in a Box as we did creating it!- Brit Cruise, Content Creator

Financial Accounting And Reporting Standards - 1426 Words

Financial Accounting and Reporting Standards Jeremy J Boston Saint Leo University Abstract Financial accounting has become more complex as our country grows. The United States has established a core financial body to ensure all financial statements are published within the prescribed guidelines so that any creditor or investor is able to read and understand the information. The FASB was created to ensure that these guidelines are followed and they are well-paid individuals so there is little chance of them keeping ties with their private firms which creates a trust with the public. The FASB crated a conceptual framework that all companies must adhere to. This ensures that investors, creditors and the public receive an honest†¦show more content†¦Financial Statements and Financial Reporting Challenges Along with the demand for a more universal form of accounting report come many challenges. Many of them are in the form of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Scandals within the accounting departments in companies such as Enron, Rite Aid, and Xerox caused this act to be created. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act created the Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC, which helped standardize all financial information that was passed along to the stockholders. Auditors were affected as a part of the act in the sense that they became more independent and strong. The audit committee’s became independent members with prior financial expertise. They were however limited to no more than a 5-year partner rotation within their respective firms. CEO’s and CFO’s were also to be help more accountable for their financial reporting. CEO’s and CFO’s are now required to personally sign off and certify financial statements. If there is a mistake they forfeit their entire bonus. Within eac h organization there is also requires being an internal checks and balances process to prevent and detect possible fraud. Most of all, there the Sarbanes-Oxley Act establishes a code of ethics for all senior financial officers. This act is to ensure that public trust is maintained at all times. Objectives According to Keiso, Weygandt, and Warfield (2013), Financial reporting’s goal is to â€Å"provide financial information about

An Insight Into Contemporary British And Indian Societies

With reference to contemporary Britain and one other society, explain ways in which the societies are held together through common cultures but are also unequal and divided. This essay will demonstrate some key concepts in sociology by providing an insight into how contemporary British and Indian societies have held together through common cultures but are unequal and divided. It will explain how shared culture, social organisation, values and norms between the two societies may help produce stability and conformity within themselves. It will also highlight that there are systematic differences between societies in relation to key sociological concepts. The text will demonstrate this by into different aspects of their cultures featuring its norms and values, marriage and families, stratification and Inequalities whilst attempting to link these to two key sociological theories. Norms are considered to be standard, especially of social behaviour that is expected, whereas values are the Principles or standards of behaviour of what is important in life.(OFORD: Online) Contemporary Britain has many norms and values in contrast to Indian culture. The United Kingdom is a crowded country. People cope with this situation by being reserved and apprehensive in public, politely ignoring strangers, quietly minding their own business. (BYRON, 2001) Even though in British culture it is considered normal to be reserved and reserved in public, in the contrary Indian culture is veryShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Rudyard Kipling s The Jungle Books 1275 Words   |  6 Pagesconclusions made by a British appreciating India. The creator liked its magnificence from the purpose of a colonizer, who was influenced that Britain had a particular job to be a leader of India. This made Kipling highlight specific characteristics of both his British and Indian fictional characters. 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Analysis of ICT task for a hairdresser’s booking system Free Essays

The new hairdresser salon called Hair Studio that has opened needs to improve its record keeping system because the record keeping system at present is not very reliable and does not work efficiently. Therefore the ICT specialist’s job is to introduce an efficient system to store the customer’s details and to develop a reliable booking system. The system needs to be able to book appointments for the customers quick and easy. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of ICT task for a hairdresser’s booking system or any similar topic only for you Order Now The new system should be able to help the salon to function more smoothly and the ICT system that I will give the hair salon will help the business become more organised and can easily handle the client’s data more efficiently. The details of the customers will be stored in a section where all the personal details of each customer will be stored and the appointments will be stored in the booking system. There are many ways of promoting the business one of the ways is to advertise the business to the public and make sure that they are aware that the business is open and where the branch of the business is located. The point of advertising is to the public to come to the salon and this will make the hair salon more popular and the salons profits will increase. Also you can read Analysis July at the Multiplex There are two ways, which it is possible to improve the way the hair salon is run either by keeping the existing paper based system to store the client details and appointments or I can use a computerised system to store all the details and information. An example of a paper-based system is a record card system where all the details of the customers are put on a pack of cards in alphabetical order. An example of a computerised system is a database system or Microsoft Access. Computerised system Advantages of a computerised system. Disadvantages of a computerised system. 1. You can set-up a primary key 2. You can perform queries 3. Can be sorted in alphabetical order 4. Validation incorrect data cannot be entered 5. The can be a menu page to make it more professional 6. Backup in case the data becomes lost. 7. Spell check 1. You need to train people to use the computerised system. 2. If the computer crashes the data can be lost. Paper based system Advantages of a paper based system. Disadvantages of a paper based system. 1. Portable/ Easy to carry place to place. 2. No training needed to operate the paper based system. 3. Keep securely in a locked place so no one can enter the cards containing the details. 1. Messy looks unprofessional. 2. Takes up space. 3. If any alteration takes place this can make the information untidy. 4. Confusion 2 people might have the same names. 5. The writing needs to be readable by all members of the staff. My chosen solution is using a Microsoft access, which is a database that I can create the system on. There will be a series of subtasks I will need to collect the information using a data collection form or through an interview. This will help me to collect the data. I will need to design the structure of the data capture form such as columns and a menu page also I need to design a data entry form. The data that will be inputted in the database is the records and the details. And finally I need to make sure that the information that is inputted into the database is valid and correct. Read also  Case 302 July in Multiplex To advertise my business I will use a poster or a leaflet to advertise it to the customers so they are aware that the business is new to the area and is open to the public. I can use many different methods to advertise my business I could use billboards, Leaflet, radio and poster. Poster Advantages of the leaflet Disadvantages of the leaflet 1. Instant Visual Impact 2. Relatively Cheap 3. Can be seen by a large number of people if strategically placed. 1. Limited amount of information is presented 2. It’s difficult to measure effectiveness. Radio Advantages of the Radio Disadvantages of the Radio 1. Relatively cheap 2. Most of the customers will hear the advertisement on the Radio. 3. Most groups and many age ranges covered. 1. Not visual 2. No copy of the material 3. Have to rely on the target audience listening at the correct time. My chosen solution is the poster; I will use the poster to advertise my business to the public. As you can see there are many advantages and disadvantages of using the radios and the billboards to advertise the business the method I will use is the poster because this way is more efficient and easy to do. I will design a draft of the poster on Microsoft and I will design it also on Microsoft word and then I will distribute it to the customers. How to cite Analysis of ICT task for a hairdresser’s booking system, Papers

Definition and Role of Project Methodologies †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Definition and Role of Project Methodologies. Answer: Definition of Project Methodologies and Role of Methodologies Project methodologies that are involved inproject management are type of model that are mainly employed by the managers who are dealing with the project. The project managers uses methodology for designing the project, planning the project, implementing a project, and then gets achievement fulfilling the objectives planned in the project. There are many methodologies involved in project management so that to get benefits out of the projects (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). Aproject management methodology has its roots in many sectors such as military defense, construction, and engineering. The activities ofproject management generally take place in an informal basis or in an ad-hoc basis for more than thousand years. Until 1950, disciplined methodologies were not used. After 1950, disciplined and formal methodologies started among all the organizations and definition of methodologies ofproject management evolved. The approaches that are included for managing all the works specifies the best way so that the project can be initiated, executed, and planned (Schwalbe, 2015). The methodologies of project management made the projects much smaller and the projects can be controlled easily with less complexity. But the projects that are dealt now a days are more complex and are subjected to risk. Methodologies involved in project management plays significant role in the life cycle of the project. The methodologies help to specify the tasks included in project management. The tasks that are needed to be undertaken are generally specified by methodologies and the time to complete the tasks so that the order can be maximized to utilize resources and time. The methodologies specifies the tasks that are to be submitted first keeping in mind the next steps that are to be followed that depends on the next one to complete the project (Fleming Koppelman,, 2016). The project manager introduces some strategies of risk management if the project deals with some risk. The scope of project, the resources that are available, the time that the project needs to be delivered, and time constraints are generally defined by the methodologies that are used in project management. Different projects need different methodology, which are effective for completing a project. For example, in order to pi ck up a methodology for a project, it is similar to decide a recipe for making cookies using chocolate chips (Turner, 2016). As there are many recipes of baking cookies that recommends to bake a cookie using butter of room temperature, and other may suggest to use melted margarine or may use dark chocolate instead of chocolate chips. Similarly, selecting a methodology for a project needs to known the type of project that is to be undertaken. The ingredients that are available for a project to pick a methodology is project timeline, project tools, people involved, and project constraints. Comparison between PMBOK methodology and Agile Scrum methodology The similarities between Agile Scrum and PMBOK methodologies are: Both of the methodologies gives the project team with certain set of techniques and templates for managing the projects irrespective of re-invention. Both of them handle almost same type of project having same characteristics such as accelerated change, unique deliverables, resource limitation and budget limitation, and delineated timelines (Serrador Pinto, 2015). The risks that can come from the project can be handled by both the methods involved in an undertaking project. The differences between the methodologies are: The PMBOK methodology mostly emphasize the importance regarding the planning, while on the other hand Agile method works on assumption that states the deliverables can be too complex the up-front is unknowable. The agile scrum methodology mainly is suitable for smaller projects and provides less project structure with the scrum master that has iterative processes for developing cycle of the processes in project management (Martinelli Milosevic, 2016). On the other hand, PMBOK methodology works with larger projects. Agile methodology involves inspection, adaptation, and visibility while PMBOK involves adaptation and inspection. Importance of Agile Scrum Methodology in PLC (Project Life Cycle) The method of Agile Scrum acts as in iterative as well as imperative methodology of managing the project in project management life cycle. The Agile Scrum helps to evolve the landscape of the project and also maintains the time of delivery of the project. The Agile scrum methodology helps to divide the process in several phases that results the product in a ready to state process (Heldman, 2018). A fine product or service id delivered to the customer at the end of all steps that deals with scrum methodology. The feedbacks from the customer also play a vital role in the agile scrum methodology in project life cycle. The problems that arise in agile methodologies generally address the need of the customer. The involvement of the user is basically encouraged so that the transparency and the visibility of the project is shown, showing all actual progress of the undertaking process. Agile method in PLC works with iterative planning, making the process very easy to fulfill the requirement of the project. There are ,many phases that are involved in agile scrum methodology of PLC. The steps are: 1) create a product backlog; 2) create a sprint backlog and sprint planning; 3) work on sprint having scrum meetings; 4) product and testing the demonstration; 5) plan for the next sprint. There are many advantages of agile scrum methodology. The advantages that are provided by this methodology involve high quality of product, satisfaction of customer is higher, and reduces risks. The main features that are involved in the method of scrum is that the method produces contiguous and agility progress of work (Joslin Mller, 2015). There should be close co-operation in between the stakeholders of all the processes and communication should be made clear. In the sprint planning, the owner of the project mostly communicates with the team following the agile scum. References Fleming, Q. W., Koppelman, J. M. (2016, December). Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Heldman, K. (2018).PMP: project management professional exam study guide. John Wiley Sons. Joslin, R., Mller, R. (2015). Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), 1377-1392. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Martinelli, R. J., Milosevic, D. Z. (2016).Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Serrador, P., Pinto, J. K. (2015). Does Agile work?A quantitative analysis of agile project success.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), 1040-1051. Turner, R. (2016).Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.

Seaworld free essay sample

This paper discuses and evaluates the theme park, Seaworld. This paper analyzes the experience of visiting Seaworld. The author states Seaworld is a sanitized version of the jungle and the beach, a pretense of wilderness. Like all theme parks, the author says Seaworld is so popular because it is a hyper-manicured unnatural environment similar to the suburb. Seaworld is highly commercialized and is niche marketing at its best. However, part of both the appeal and the marketability of going to a place like Seaworld is that it speaks to something inside of us that longs for adventure. Very few of us will ever get to swim with dolphins in the ocean or to see puffins in their native nesting grounds. What a place like Seaworld does is to ofter us the sense that we have gotten to travel to distant places.

Free Essays on Family Traditions

Family Traditions What is the meaning of tradition? According to Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary: An inherited, established, or customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior (as a religious practice or social custom); the handing down of information, beliefs, and customs by word of mouth or example from one generation to another without written instruction; cultural continuity in social attitudes and institutions. When I think of traditions, I immediately think of family traditions- things that we do for certain events year after year. One in particular comes to mind. It was a cold and rainy Christmas Day. My mother was the first one up, already preparing the homemade cinnamon rolls and hot chocolate that we always had for breakfast. She woke me up next so I wouldn’t miss the first hour of the Christmas Parade. While watching the parade, I had the dutiful task of taking the decoration pictures. I was to go around the house and take a picture of how everything looked, from the tree all the way down to the cinnamon rolls. This year though was different. For the first time, we had two trees, one in the Family Room and one in the Formal Living Room, and our dinning room was finally complete with twenty-three angels total on the plant shelf. After taking al the pictures, my little sister Christine was to be awaken and then coffee made for our father. After coffee was made, all of t he women in his life came into the master bedroom to wake him up with the usual out of tuned sound of Joy to the World followed by a high pitched rendition of The Twelve Days of Christmas. This would usually wake him up so we could all rush down to the piano and sing Happy Birthday to Jesus in our Manger by the fireplace. After singing Happy Birthday, we would then all bring out our Bibles and read Jesus’ birth. As a family, we never wanted to lose sight of the true meaning of Christmas, why we are all so blessed to be in thi... Free Essays on Family Traditions Free Essays on Family Traditions Family Traditions What is the meaning of tradition? According to Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary: An inherited, established, or customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior (as a religious practice or social custom); the handing down of information, beliefs, and customs by word of mouth or example from one generation to another without written instruction; cultural continuity in social attitudes and institutions. When I think of traditions, I immediately think of family traditions- things that we do for certain events year after year. One in particular comes to mind. It was a cold and rainy Christmas Day. My mother was the first one up, already preparing the homemade cinnamon rolls and hot chocolate that we always had for breakfast. She woke me up next so I wouldn’t miss the first hour of the Christmas Parade. While watching the parade, I had the dutiful task of taking the decoration pictures. I was to go around the house and take a picture of how everything looked, from the tree all the way down to the cinnamon rolls. This year though was different. For the first time, we had two trees, one in the Family Room and one in the Formal Living Room, and our dinning room was finally complete with twenty-three angels total on the plant shelf. After taking al the pictures, my little sister Christine was to be awaken and then coffee made for our father. After coffee was made, all of t he women in his life came into the master bedroom to wake him up with the usual out of tuned sound of Joy to the World followed by a high pitched rendition of The Twelve Days of Christmas. This would usually wake him up so we could all rush down to the piano and sing Happy Birthday to Jesus in our Manger by the fireplace. After singing Happy Birthday, we would then all bring out our Bibles and read Jesus’ birth. As a family, we never wanted to lose sight of the true meaning of Christmas, why we are all so blessed to be in thi...

Nanotechnology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Nanotechnology - Research Paper Example Nanotechnology has so far been of help and has also found its way into the treatment of infectious diseases. Nanotechnology works by making use of the nano materials that have antimicrobial properties and makes use of encapsulated benzoyl oxide, which improves the activity as well as the tolerability of the anti-acne agent. Acne comes into the picture as being one of the most common dermatological conditions. Nanotech medication that has strong antimicrobial properties to treat an infectious disease can be devised. The drugs will be administered and allowed to diffuse in the target body fluid with some pressure being felt; the upward and downward forces will always be in balance. 6Ï€rÃŽ ·v will be a force acting in resistance to the particle. Here, r represents the radius of the blood vessel; n represents body fluid viscosity, and v represents the velocity that the nanotech drug will be moving along the blood vessels. As it is known, Stokes law is almost a presence in almost all fields, and as such it has its application here too. Chitosan application in nanotech medication is mainly felt as a delivery tool and also due to its inherent antimicrobial property that is very useful in the treatment of

Smart air conditioner Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Smart air conditioner - Research Paper Example As energy is conserved this way, the amount of pollutants from such sources would also be reduced therefore protecting the university environment from pollution. Additionally, smart air conditioner would keep the university environment clean by reducing on the pollutants released from air conditioners. Air conditioning units are said to contain refrigerants. According to Northern Ireland Protection Agency (2014), these refrigerants contain hazardous substances like fluorinated gases (F-gases) and ozone depleting substances (ODS). Some air conditioners have deodorants which could release chlorofluorocarbons, CFC, when in operation. These compounds gradually damage the university environment, depleting the ozone layer, the reason for global warming. The smart air conditioner mitigates this menace by reducing the time of operation of air conditioners by programming operation only when in use (Karol, 2014). This minimizes on the amount of these compounds emitted and also reduces the environmental exposure time thus curbing on the pollution of the university’s

Effect of the CDM Regulations on Accident Statistics

Effect of the CDM Regulations on Accident Statistics The Effect of the Cdm Regulations on Accident Statistics within the UK The implementation of the CDM regulations under the CDM Co-ordinators. Abstract Health and safety in the construction industry has experienced considerable research over the last few decades in order to reduce the number of injuries and fatalities within the construction industry. Health and safety practices such as the HSC that introduced the CDM regulations in 1994 and the current revised regulations introduced in 2007 are perceived to provide numerous benefits in maintaining a safer industry. With approximately 7%-8% of employment within the UK involved in the construction industry and an estimated 8% of the UK’s GDP it is important to do so. There is a growing importance due to the high rate of employment in the construction industry to provide a detailed set of safety regulations known as the CDM regulations that everyone involved with construction must follow. As a result of this many organisations such as the HSC, have initiated targets to ensure that the health and safety on sites improves dramatically, and to encourage the government to formulate official targets to reduce the number of fatalities and injuries by a certain date. However, although the CDM regulations 1994 did have a positive effect on the health and safety in the industry there was still areas of concern within the regulations that professionals were unsure of who carried out different roles and the fact that the rate of fatalities and injuries was not decreasing significantly enough, this was the reason for the review of the CDM regulations 1994 and the implementation of the new CDM regulations 2007 which is designed to provide a clearer background into construction HS. Using a sample group methodology, and acknowledging specifically the principal contractor, this study aims to assess whether the HSC can achieve its aim of reducing the number of fatalities and injuries by 10% in the UK by 2010 and ultimately assess whether or not the CDM regulations make a significant difference to HS statistics. This will be reviewed by looking at the implementation techniques used by the PC’s on site and develop a framework to provide the best techn ique in which to do so. Chapter One: Introduction This chapter introduces the principal aim of the study, in addition to the proposed objectives and research questions. Introduction The construction industry has had HS regulations in place known as the CDM regulations for a number of years now which have recently been renewed. The CDM regulations have application to a majority of construction projects undertaken in the UK which provide the industry with specific standards involving HS that are considered acceptable to the government and alternatively, to the construction worker. The latest regulations represent an important trend towards the paternalistic intervention of the government in relation to health and safety. Historically, the ambit of health and safety on site was left to the individual company; this was due to the requirements of the Conservative governments, and if things went wrong it was up to the individual to cope. This tendency has developed during the twentieth century with great attention in recent years of government focus in developing the HS of the construction worker. 2.2 million (1 in 14) People work in Britain’s construction industry, making it the country’s biggest industry, but it accounts for 16% of major accidents and 25% of fatal injuries. It is has also been acknowledged that for a number of years in the UK it has been one of the most dangerous industries to be employed in. In the last 25 years, over 2,800 people have died from injuries they received as a result of construction work. Many more have been injured or made ill. HSE deals with all aspects of construction work in England, Scotland and Wales. In 2006-2007 alone there were 77 fatal injuries to workers in the construction industry, this was a 28% increase to the 59 in 2005-2006. The 77 fatalities in the construction industry during 2006-2007 accounted for 32% of all worker deaths. The rate of fatal injury to workers per hundred thousand rose to 3.7 in 2006-2007 compared to that of 3.0 in 2005-2006. In providing these statistics relatively closely to the date the fatality occurred, this means many cases are still under investigation. Consequently, these figures are highly provisional, and may be subject to revision as more relevant information becomes available. * The term Workers includes employees and the self-employed combined. RIDDOR (The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995) is the primary determinant as to whether a fatal accident is included in these figures or not. Improvements regarding the Health and Safety in the construction industry are urgently needed as it remains a disproportionately dangerous industry which is important not only for the people involved in the industry but also for the expected 2-3% growth within the next 5 years. The improvements require significant and permanent changes in duty holder attitudes and behaviour. Since the original CDM Regulations were introduced in 1994, concerns were raised that their complexity and the bureaucratic approach of many duty holders frustrated the Regulations’ underlying health and safety objectives. These views were supported by an industry-wide consultation in 2002 which resulted in the decision to revise the Regulations. The new CDM 2007 Regulations revise and bring together the CDM Regulations 1994 and the Construction (Health Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 into a single regulatory package known as the CDM regulations 2007. The health and safety process has always been a much talked about topic within England and Wales every since the first CDM regulations were launched in 1994. The need to reform this process has been highlighted by research carried out by the health and safety executive which shows that there is need for improvement in the implementation of these regulations which is the main reason for the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007. The research shows that: These have been developed in close consultation with construction industry stakeholders. The proposal for the CDM 2007 aims to: simplify the Regulations to improve clarity and make it easier for everyone to know what is expected of them; maximise their flexibility to fit with the vast range of contractual arrangements; focus on planning and management, rather than the plan and other paperwork; encourage co-ordination and co-operation, particularly between designers and contractors; and Simplify the assessment of the competence of organisation. The Approved Code of Practice (ACoP) has special legal status and gives practical advice for all those involved in construction work. If you follow the advice in the ACoP you will be doing enough to comply with the law in respect of those specific matters on which it gives advice. The ACoP which includes a copy of the CDM regulations explains: The legal duties placed on clients, CDM co-ordinators, designers, principal contractors, contractors, self-employed and workers. The circumstances in which domestic clients do not have duties under CDM 2007 (but that the regulations still apply to those doing work for them). Gives information on the new role of CDM co-ordinator – a key project adviser for clients and responsible for coordinating the arrangements for health and safety during the planning phase of larger and more complex projects. Which construction projects need to be notified to HSE before work starts and gives information on how this should be done. How to assess the competence of organisations and individuals involved in construction work. How to improve co-operation and co-ordination between all those involved in the construction project and with the workforce. What essential information needs to be recorded in construction health and safety plans and files, as well as what shouldn’t be included. Rationale for the Research The subject of this dissertation developed from a personal interest in the Health and Safety aspect of the construction industry and the significant research within the industry on how to minimise the injuries and fatalities on site. Most of this research has concentrated on the best ways to improve the implementation process of the CDM regulations 2007, whether the changes are necessary from the CDM regulations 1994 and in terms of whether these changes have brought about the desired results and effect on the industry that it intended I.e. have the CDM regulations brought about an improvement in the safety of site work with regards to a clearer, faster and easier process of implementation. Having looked at a wide range of literature and internet sites on the CDM regulations it is clear to me that there was evidence that the introduction of the CDM regulations was regarded by professionals as advantageous to the industry, however there are certain people that believe it has been less effective than it should have been on the industry. Although people have highlighted problems with the CDM regulations it is definitely an introduction by the government that is here to stay. This consideration has led me to undertake research into whether the new legislation has been implemented successfully and whether the changes are necessary. This was implemented under the research title; the implementation of the CDM regulations under the CDM co-ordinators. The CDM regulations have the potential to make a significant impact on the industry with regards to health and safety however it is unrealistic to think that this can be achieved very quickly without encountering any problems in an area which has had much debate regarding this topic. It will take time before the new legislation will be free flowing however improvements in both effectiveness and efficiency can be expected as lessons are learnt. E.g. more home CDM co-ordinators becoming qualified. The following information in this chapter gives further details about the principle objectives for this research topic. Aim As a result the fundamental aim of this study is to determine whether the Health and Safety Commissions aim is achievable and thus, determine whether there is a foreseeable optimistic future for the reduction of accidents within the construction industry. The overall aim of the project is to produce a coherent document which catalogues, in which detail the impacts which the CDM regulations have had upon the construction industry and which encapsulates some original, primary research. Objectives This aim will be investigated through a series of key objectives: To provide an understanding on the CDM regulations, evaluating the need, efficiency and reliability of them; To establish different professions understanding of the CDM regulations; To establish the application of the CDM regulations at both organisational level and implementation of the CDM regulations; To determine whether there is a foreseeable optimistic future for the reduction of accidents within the construction industry; To examine, compare and contrast the perceptions of construction professionals in order to determine whether the number of accidents on construction sites are likely to significantly decrease in the next five years; To assess whether the construction professionals are sufficiently protected by the CDM regulations and identify any implementing techniques that aid, or otherwise, the CDM regulations. The study will follow with a review of current literature regarding the effectiveness of the CDM regulations, and a description of the methodology used in order to collect and analyse the results of the data collected. The outcome of the findings will be discussed and conclusions will be made incorporating both limitations of the study and recommendations for future research. Outline Research Methodology My research topic has incorporated two research approaches in order to collect information which were the following: secondary data collection and fieldwork research. Secondary data collection This form of research refers to the ‘desk study’’ approach where data is obtained from sources that cite from primary sources. This method had been used to achieve the first, fourth and fifth objectives. These sources will be critically appraised by means of a systematic literature review which will cover textbooks, newspaper articles, research journals, thesis, reports, trade publications, etc. Fieldwork research This form of research refers to the methods of primary data collection which can take the form of a number of practical approaches. This method of research was accomplished to utilise objectives two and three. The selected method for this thesis will be a structured survey approach in the form of personal interviews and a questionnaire. This method was selected as it is the best form of gathering data from a large number of respondents in a relatively short time frame. The interviews and questionnaires will adopt a semi structured format, employing mainly open questions to gather the data. The research method is a way in which the research objective can be questioned and achieved. Throughout my research I will be using a number of core sources of references such as the books, the internet, newspapers, companies, journals and questionnaires in order to carry out my objectives. I will decide upon the most appropriate research strategy which can be carried out in two ways depending on the purpose of the study and the type and availability of the information required. These two methods can be classified as â€Å"Quantitative† and â€Å"Qualitative†. Quantitative research can be defined as â€Å"objective† in nature. It involves the description or analysis of statistical procedures that involves specific measurements of variables to determine whether a theory holds true. Qualitative research on the other hand can be defined as â€Å"subjective† in nature. It does not involve the use of specific variables, but relies on reasons behind various aspe cts of data. It emphasises the means, experiences and different descriptions of topics from different authors points of view. Chapter Two: Literature Review Introduction This chapter is intended to critically appraise issues and statements identified by the literature review and ascertain the industries, practitioners and authors opinions of the progress, implementation and success of the CDM regulations. A wide range of key literature from sources such as research journals, refereed conferences, thesis, textbooks, reports, trade publications and newspaper articles on this research topic were reviewed, analysed and appraised of their strengths and weaknesses. To best demonstrate these perceptions the author has chosen to break the critical appraisal into the following sub-headings; Cost of Implementation, Health and Safety Training, Additional Paperwork, Success of CDM. In doing so, it is anticipated that some individuals connected with the construction industry will be interviewed and their views on the success or failure of the CDM regulations on the construction industry. It is anticipated that these views will be assessed in conjunction with valid information gathered in relation to the CDM regulations and how they have developed within the UK in recent years. There will also be an assessment of how the CDM regulations could be improved upon, and how the project has contributed to this assessment. Chapter Three: CDM Regulations 2007 3.0 CDM Regulations 2007 The new Construction (Design and Management) Regulations were brought into place on the 6th April 2007 in order to consolidate the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 as well as the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 into one regulatory package. In order to help achieve the implementation of this new process the supporting guidance for these regulations has been revised with the aid of a new approved code of practice available to assist each professional with their individual duties under the CDM regulations 2007. http://www.martineau-johnson.co.uk/publication_event/updates/CDM%20regulations%202007%20Flyer%20April.pdf It is necessary for all professionals involved in the construction industry to be aware of the new CDM regulations 2007 as they apply to all construction work. The aims of these regulations are to: Improve health and safety within the construction industry; Ensure that there are the right people for the right job at the right time to manage the potential risks on site; To focus on effective planning and managing risk manage the risk not the paperwork. 3.1 The Client A client can be described as an individual or organisation who in the course or furtherance of a business has a construction project carried out by another or himself, this however excludes domestic clients but not domestic premises. A domestic client is someone who lives or will live, in the premises where the work is carried out. The roles of the client under the new CDM regulations 2007 are similar to that of the 1994 regulations however they have been given a higher profile with emphasis on providing the construction team is provided with strong leadership and ensure that the client is responsible for their influence on the HS of people working on, or affected by the project. It is the role of the client under the CDM regulations to appoint a CDM coordinator and a principal contractor on all notifiable projects in order to advise and co-ordinate activities. It is the responsibility of the client to carry out a number of duties on all projects: Must check all appointee’s competence and resources using the ACoP competence criteria; Must also ensure that enough time and resource is provided to allow the project to be delivered safely, what you want, when you want it and on budget; Provide key information to contractors and designers; Ensure everyone involved with the project co-operate and co-ordinate their activities; Establish a competent project team as soon as possible to ensure the project is safe to build, safe to use, safe to maintain and deliver good value; Ensure suitable management arrangements are in place; Ensure adequate welfare facilities are on site; Ensure workplaces are designed correctly which should comply with the WHSW. On all notifiable projects the clients must carry out the above duties as well as: They must appoint a competent CDM Co-ordinator and provide them with key information; They must appoint a competent principal contractor; Ensure that there are suitable welfare facilities provided on site as well as a construction phase health and safety plan has been produced before the construction phase can start; Retain and provide access to the HS file as well as revise it with any new information; It is not the responsibility of the client to audit or supervise the work on site. In order for the client to explain their management arrangements then they may ask their project team or contractors to do this for them. For small projects where contractors employ less than 5 people then demonstrating management arrangements may be in the form of an oral briefing rather than have everything in writing. The client must perform simple checks regularly to ensure their management arrangements are being followed which include there is adequate protection for workers and the public on site, ensuring that there is good co-operation and communication between the contractors and the designers. They must also ask the contractors to confirm that the arrangements they agreed upon have been implemented. 3.2 The Coordinator The person appointed to advise and assist the client on how to comply with the CDM Regulations during the project, and to ensure that suitable arrangements are made and implemented for the co-ordination of health and safety measures during planning and preparation for the construction phase. The CDM coordinators replaced the role of the Planning Supervisor under the CDM regulations 1994 and are only appointed on notifiable contracts but this appointment must be made early. This role has been changed due to the overall consideration that the Planning Supervisor has not been a success with more expectation placed on the new role of the coordinator. The main aim of the coordinator is to act to reduce risks during the construction process rather than to generate unnecessary paperwork. The CDM coordinator has the responsibility to carry out a number of Duties during the project: Advise the client about selecting competent designers and contractors; Help identify what information will be needed by designers and contractors; Co-ordinate the arrangements for health and safety of planning and design work; Ensure that HSE is notified of the project (unless a domestic client); Advise on the suitability of the initial construction phase plan; Prepare a health and safety file (information for the client to enable future cleaning, maintenance and alterations to be carried out safely) You are the key advisor to the client and the catalyst for effective communication and co-ordination throughout the project A CDM coordinators role can be filled by anybody, however they must fulfil the competence requirements given in the ACoP, if no appointment has been made then it is generally the client who will carry out this role. 3.3 The Designer A designers duties under the CDM regulations applies to all construction work including domestic projects as well as non-notifiable ones. A designer can be described as someone that carries out the design process or specifies building work I.e. makes any project related decision, which therefore means there are a wide number of parties that can fall under this profession, such as Design and construction contractors, civil and structural engineers, clients who specify, etc. A designer has the responsibility to carry out their duties on all projects involving construction work. This includes: Making sure that the Client is aware of his duties; Making sure the client is adequately resourced and competent to carry out their own duties such as the health and safety issues that are involved with the design of a project; Provide substantial information about any potential risks that may be associated with the design that can be put in the health and safety file; Coordinating their work with others in order to improve the way potential risks are managed and controlled; Co-operate with others such as CDM Co-ordinators and the Principal Contractor; Avoiding foreseeable risks during the design work for people involved on the current and future uses of the structure. They should also eliminate hazards and risks associated with those hazards that remain. The most important role for a competent designer is to eliminate the hazards and reduce risks. 3.4 The Principal Contractor The changes in the CDM regulations have brought little change to the duties of the principal contractor. An early appointment of a principal contractor by the client is necessary on all notifiable projects. The principal contractor must ensure that everyone they appoint such as sub-contractors as competent. The main aim of the PC is to ensure that the construction phase is properly planned, managed, monitored and resourced. The principal contractor has a number of duties that must be carried out throughput the project: Inform contractors of the minimum time allowed for planning and preparation Provide relevant information to contractors Ensure safe working, co-ordination and co-operation between contractors Construction phase health and safety plan is prepared and implemented Plan needs to set out the organisation and arrangements for managing risk and co-ordinating work Plan should be tailored to the particular project and risks involved Suitable welfare from the start Prepare and enforce site rules as required Give reasonable direction to contractors including client appointed contractors Prevent unauthorised entry Provide plan to those who need it Promptly provide the CDM co-ordinator with information for the file Liaise with CDM co-ordinator in relation to design and design changes Ensure all workers have been provided with suitable health and safety induction, information and training Ensure the workforce is consulted about health and safety matters Display key project information to workers It is not the responsibility of the PC to provide training for workers they do no employ however contractors do. Neither do they have to undertake detailed supervision of contractors work. The construction phase plan must only be filled in with relevant information rather then endless generic paperwork. Other Contractors Sub Contractors are present on all projects not just notifiable ones. They are unable to start work on a construction site until they have obtained the pre construction information necessary from the client or PC. The sub contractors must manage their own work to make sure that their workers are safe as well as ensuring that hey and those they appoint are completely competent and adequately resourced. On all projects they must: Inform any contractor that they engage, of the minimum amount of time they have for planning and preparation Provide their workers (whether employed or self-employed) with any necessary information and training and induction Report anything that they are aware of that is likely to endanger the HS of themselves or others Ensure that any design work they do complies with CDM design duties Comply with the duties for site health and safety Co-operate and co-ordinate with others working on the project Consult the workforce Not begin work unless they have taken reasonable steps to prevent unauthorised access to the site Obtain specialist advice (e.g. from a structural engineer or occupational hygienist) where necessary On notifiable projects they must: Check that a CDM co-ordinator has been appointed and HSE notified before they start work Co-operate with the principal contractor, CDM co-ordinator and others working on the project Tell the principal contractor about risks to others created by their work Comply with any reasonable directions from the principal contractor Work in accordance with the construction phase plan Inform the principal contractor of the identity of any contractor he appoints or engages Inform the principal contractor of any problems with the plan or risks identified during their work that have significant implications for the management of the project Inform the principal contractor about any death, injury, condition or dangerous occurrence Provide information for the health and safety file Chapter Four: Methodology This chapter discusses the different methodological approaches for this study. Detailed accounts of the specific research strategies are also examined, highlighting the methods used to analyse and interpret the data collected. Finally, the location of the study and methodological restrictions are also considered. Comparative data can be collected in various forms, these being experimental, commercial and â€Å"official† data. Experimental data was chosen because it is derived from real life situations, and this was essential giving the fundamental aim of assessing the future of the CDM regulations. Nevertheless, it must be acknowledged that the reliability of experimental data is largely dependant on the willingness and honesty of the professional to participate (Morris et al., 2001). Research Strategies In order to explore the main perceptions and attitudes of principal contractors, a self completition postal questionnaire was decided on rather than a telephone survey or an interview survey primarily because it was Christmas time during the main period of data collection, and so it was assumed many construction workers would be on their Christmas break and would not be available for an interview or present in the office for a telephone inquiry. The idea behind the postal questionnaire was that they could complete it and send it back whenever they had time. Questionnaires are an â€Å"indispensable tool when primary data is required about people, their behaviour, attitudes, opinions and awareness of specific issues†. The questionnaires were enclosed with a self addressed envelope, intending to speed up and ensure the return of the questionnaires. One potential problem with the questionnaires was that they might not be filled out by the right person. Twenty principal contractors were randomly selected from a list of construction companies in the counties of Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, provided by the yellow pages. Each company was contacted by telephone to explain the basis of the study find out who to send it to, and gain his or her agreement to participate. A tick box at the bottom of every questionnaire gave the farmer the choice of whether or not they wanted to be contacted again, in the hope of setting up a number of interviews. The questionnaire design was of a semi-qualitative design, as the questionnaires incorporated a number of open and closed questions. The closed questions differed between multiple choices, dichotomous, likert, categorical and scaled questions. Although, open questions can be more difficult to understand and are perhaps harder to analyse than closed questions, it was important to include the

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